Essay about Enron The Smartest Guys In The Room - 1948 Words

Enron’s ride is quite a phenomenon: from a regional gas pipeline trader to the largest energy trader in the world, and then back down the hill into bankruptcy and disgrace. As a matter of fact, it took Enron 16 years to go from about $10 billion of assets to $65 billion of assets, and 24 days to go bankruptcy. Enron is also one of the most celebrated business ethics cases in the century. There are so many things that went wrong within the organization, from all personal (prescriptive and psychological approaches), managerial (group norms, reward system, etc.), and organizational (world-class culture) perspectives. This paper will focus on the business ethics issues at Enron that were raised from the documentation Enron: The Smartest Guys†¦show more content†¦The company’s stakeholders include primary groups of customers, employees, shareholders, owners, suppliers, etc. and secondary groups of community. All stakeholders have their own self-interests. While em ployees want secure jobs with high earnings; customers want quality products with cheap prices, which may eventually result in the company and employees’ low income. Being said that, the corporation owes all stakeholders the obligations to meet their interests. That brings in the ethical issue of conflicts of interest, one of key problems at Enron. CFO Andrew Fastow created financial partnership to hide Enron debt, from which he allegedly collected $30 million in management fees. The action obviously made Enron financial data look good, but at the same time deceived the company’s investors about the real performance. Many investors may make their investing decisions based on those false data. And that’s when the collapse begins. Prescriptive Reasoning Approach According to the documentation, those Enron people who faced ethical issues used different prescriptive reasoning approach to resolve their dilemma. Take Andrew Fastow as an example, he might not start all the fraudulent financial activities in the first place; however, he decided to do so in order to please the boss, when Ken Lay wanted to see neat financial disclosures. It seemed that FastowShow MoreRelatedEnron, the Smartest Guys in the Room.1229 Words   |  5 PagesEnron, the Smartest Guys in the Room. Enron was involved in American’s largest corporate bankruptcy. It is a story about people, and in reality it is a tragedy. Enron made their stock sky rocket through unethical means, and in reality this company kept losing money. The primary value operating among the traders was greed, money, and how to make profits under any circumstance. The traders thought that a good trader is a creative trader and the creative trader can find any arbitrage opportunityRead MoreEnron Smartest Guys On The Room1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie ENRON smartest guys in the room is about one of the biggest corporation corruptions in the United States. In 1985, ENRON Corporation, was a company that delivers pipeline for natural gas and electricity, while mergering with Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. ENRON quickly grew into a reputable company that generated enormous profits. In a short period of time ENRON was considered one of the top global trading company for natural gas, commodities, and electricity. According to the statistic;Read MoreEnron : The Smartest Guys Of The Room Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Enron was a Houston based energy, commodities and services company. When people hear the name Enron they automatically associate their name with one of the biggest accounting and ethical scandals known to date. The documentary, â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room,† provides an in depth examination of Enron and the Enron scandal. The film does a wonderful job of depicting the downfall of Enron and how the corporate culture and ethics were key to Enron’s fall. As the movie suggests, Enron is â€Å"notRead MoreEnron: the Smartest Guys in the Room1989 Words   |  8 Pages it took Enron 16 years to go from about $10 billion of assets to $65 billion of assets, and 24 days to go bankruptcy. Enron is also one of the most celebrated business ethics cases in the century. There are so many things that went wrong within the organization, from all personal (prescriptive and psychological approaches), managerial (group norms, reward system, etc.), and organizational (worl d-class culture) perspectives. This paper will focus on the business ethics issues at Enron that wereRead MoreEnron: The Smartest Guys in the Room Essay1889 Words   |  8 PagesThe thing I liked most about this documentary was the fact that it focused on the guys at the top, the self-proclaimed smartest men in the room, the so-called geniuses who knew the energy business so much better than the rest of the industry. And what a piece of work these men were. Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room shows us how basic human nature does not change, whether its in the easy fall into killing as a means to resolve disputes, or in the incessant human obsession to acquire forRead MoreEnron Case : The Smartest Guys Of The Room1149 Words   |  5 Pages In review of the Enron case, executives higher up exploited their privileges and power, participated in unreliable treatment of external and internal communities. These executives placed their own agendas over the employees and public, and neglected to accept responsibility for ethical downfalls or use appropriate management. As a result, employees followed their unethical behavior (Johnson, 2015). Leaders have great influence in an organization, but policies will not be effectiveRead MoreEnron: the Smartest Guys in the Room Essay1834 Words   |  8 Pagesthis paper is consider three possible rationales for why Enron collapsed—that key individuals were flawed, that the organi zation was flawed, and that some factors larger than the organization (e.g., a trend toward deregulation) led to Enron’s collapse. In viewing â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room† it was clear that all three of these flaws contributed to the demise of Enron, but it was the synergy of their combination that truly let Enron to its ultimate path of destruction. As in any organizationRead MoreEssay on Enron: the Smartest Guys in the Room5209 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room The  Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the  bankruptcy  of the  Enron Corporation, an American  energy company based in  Houston, Texas, and the de facto dissolution of  Arthur Andersen, which was one of the  five largest  audit  and accountancy  partnerships  in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure. Enron was formed in 1985 by  KennethRead MoreA Film Review of Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room666 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract This is a review of the movie, Enron: The Smart Guys in the Room. The paper analyses the themes that contributed to the downfall of Enron. It also considers steps that Human Resources would have taken given the chance, in addressing the issues that contributed to the collapse of the Company. Factor That Led To Enrons Downfall According to the documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, it seems that one major reasons that led to Enrons down fall was; unethical corporate behaviorRead MoreThe Smartest Guys At The Room : The Amazing Rise And Scandalous Fall Of Enron1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Smartest Guys In the Room† the amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron goes into great detail of what happens when a company has no ethics. It could be said that ethics was the last thing on the minds of the executives that worked at Enron. People employed at Enron cared about two things the stock price of the company, and the money they could put in their own pockets. This was what caused the fall of one of the biggest energy companies in the U.S†¦ Enron failing did not happen overnight it

Obesity A Nationwide Epidemic That Is Affecting Children...

In today’s society obesity has become a nationwide epidemic that is affecting children and adults daily. Dietitians have an essential role in the health field to treat patients with nutrition problems such as obesity, but every patient is different and how the dietician decides the course of treatment is as well. For example, there are many ways the dietician can treat the patient like goal setting, self-monitoring, meal preparation, and other strategic plans that lead to the best health of the patient. When making a plan to treat the patient many detailed factors come into play. For example, patients age, occupation, family history, and most importantly social environment. I had the pleasure of observing a counseling session between Mrs. Natalie Porta, RD, LDN and a twelve year old male with his mother. The male’s pediatrician was concerned that the patient had gained a tremendous amount of wait from his last visit. The boy wanted to lose weight and change his eating h abits. He mentioned that during the week at school he eats the schools lunch they provide and he brings a snack from home. He also mentioned that sometimes at home he has to cook whatever is available because his parents work a lot. Mainly he said he eats fast food a lot due to availability and the convenience for his parent’s busy schedules. The main strategy’s Mrs. Porta chose was goal setting and educating him and his parent on ways he can diet. After counseling the patient, the boy agreed to change hisShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesCaretakers Obesity in America is literally a growing problem, affecting every age group. Children are the most venerable group because they have no control over where they have dinner or how often they have fast food. Parents and guardians make decisions about food and are responsible for the health of children. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last twenty years. This is concerning because Type Two diabetes is a horrible, crippling disease that is affecting children and teens dramaticallyRead MoreObesity Invasion Of The United States1247 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity Invasion An invasion is occurring right under America’s nose, it’s has spread like wildfire through the vast mountains of California. What is this invasion I speak of you may inquire? Well, it is expansion of the American’s waistlines that is soaring at such alarming rate it astounding. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention concedes that â€Å"obesity is affecting 1 out of every 3 adults and 1 in 4 children.† A study conducted by Ramon Martinez, a technical specialist in health metricsRead MoreThe Battle Against Obesity Is A Health Issue Of Great Importance1237 Words   |  5 Pageshealth nurses alike, the battle against obesity is a health issue of great importance. Obesity is shown to be directly responsible for many of the negative health issues we see today. It contributes to higher risk of having chronic disease and poor health (which will be explained). Obesity is a nationwide epidemic stretching across the whole human development spectrum: from ch ildhood obesity, adolescent obesity and adult obesity. The prevalence of children being overweight is growing and movingRead MoreThe Fat Tax Should Not Cure Obesity901 Words   |  4 PagesThe fat tax in America; an attempt to improve the obesity epidemic using the legislature. The fat tax will not cure obesity in America however, one idea is it will be used as an incentive to help improve the eating habits of Americans. The revenue collected can be used to enhance education as well as implement programs to teach healthy lifestyle tips such as exercise, and even implementing gyms in places like community centers. Another suggestion is to reduce cost of healthy foods using some of theRead MoreWhy has Childhood Obesity Become a Paramount Problem in the United States?1609 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention, â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years,† (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). The monumental question that researchers seem to be asking is why the increase now? Childhood obesity has become a paramount problem in the United States in recent years due to various social, biological and technological factors that ultimately requires immediate assistance in order to promote a healthier lifestyle for children as they transition intoRead MoreHigh Fructose Corn Syrup : The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesHigh Fructose Corn Syrup: The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Abstract: The use of high fructose corn syrup as a sweetener in various food and drink products has drastically affected the American people in the last three decades. Dominating 55% of the sweetener market because of its industrial benefits, HFCS’s increased use has caused dramatic effects in its consumers, including upsetting normal hormonal functions, destroying vital organs, nerves, and throwing off the body’s mineral balance. As theRead MoreCaloric Calorie Free Fat Calorie Content1446 Words   |  6 Pagesa strategy made by, The Department of Health and Human Services, that â€Å"In 2004 FDA s Obesity Working Group (OWG) developed an action plan to address the overweight/obesity problem within the scope of FDA s regulatory authorities. The OWG recommendations centered on the scientific fact that weight control is primarily a function of caloric balance and therefore calories count when combating overweight/obesity (â€Å"FDA Receives Keystone†). With this kind of recommendation based on scientific evidenceRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Society1303 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and its Effects on Society ‘America is fat’, this statement repeated by numerous people in and out of healthcare profession and if someone don’t believe this statement, maybe the following statistic will change our mind. According to (CDC) Center for Diseases Control and prevention, obesity rate grew 65% between 1990 and 2002(Su). Still not convince? When most Americans read that statistics they have single question is ‘Why?’ How is the rate of obesity growing so fast? Is this the way weRead MoreThe Consumption Of Fast Food1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of kids affected by obesity has tripled since 1980, and this can be traced in large part to lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet (Pedro et al.). Caloric intake has increased enough since the 1970’s which explains the rising trend in obesity, while caloric output has remained essentially unchanged. Americans are eating more unhealthy food and intaking more calories, causing this nationwide epidemic. The big fast f ood chains market their foods to Americans constantly. On average, teensRead MoreWhy Is Obesity An Issue?1877 Words   |  8 PagesWhy is Obesity an Issue? Obesity has significantly increased across our country affecting our state, our communities, and society as a whole. Two out of three American adults and well over 9 million young children and adolescents struggle with issues of obesity and being overweight (CDC, 2013). Obesity and being overweight are direct risk factors for heart disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers, diabetes, and even premature death. Obese and overweight children and adolescents are especially

Health Literacy Personality and Socialization

Question: Discuss about the Health Literacy for Personality and Socialization. Answer: Introduction: Health literacy is an important aspect that every individual should develop in their lives. This is important because it helps the individual to identify what kind of disorders that he himself is facing. It also helps the individual to understand the significance of approaching to the healthcare sectors to ask for service. However, many cases are often reported where development of health literacy is completely absent and this lead to different types of issues in living a healthy quality life. Absence of knowledge about the efficacy of health interventions results the person to not only suffers from various diseases but also makes him apathetic towards healthcare (Simpson et al., 2017). It altogether leads to a compromised life full of negativity affecting the happiness that every individual human being should experience. Large number of psychologists has stated that each and every aspect of the human life is often shaped by different psychosocial stages that an individual goes throu gh (Komenaka et al., 2014). Any obstruction in the particular stages results in creation of personalities that may not attain full maturity required to lead a health ad happy life. The essay will mainly portray a case study that will help us to know how development of stages in the psychosocial development of an individual affects a human being. It will also show how this personality may make him accept lifestyle factors which are unhealthy. His view over health literacy wills be viewed and proper interventions will be proposed for him. Brief Overview: From the entire case study, it was analyzed that Bill was a patient of chronic hypertension who was quite satisfied with his own life. However, from an outsiders perspective, he was not at all healthy and maintained a lifestyle that was not proper. He had many bad habits of eating high calorie fast food which was one the main contributing factor for his obesity. He has a BMI of 34.7 which describes the fact that he is obese and he needs to follow healthcare interventions to maintain a quality lie. On close analysis, it was also seen that his personality is not liked by his wife as she describes him to be irritable but this does not concern him. He thinks himself to be self satisfied and does not care much about anyone else other than his own wishes and interests. If one looks over the psycho- sociological aspect, it can be seen that his development of personality has not gone through different stages as mentioned by Erikson successfully. This had resulted in poor development of socia l skills and an altogether different outlook towards family life. Erikson has explained 8 important stages which are needed of be completed successfully by every individual to lead a healthy life (Snow and Dibner, 2016). Personality of Bill inevitably shows that he might have faced severe issues which have resulted in poor development of social skills required to maintain a healthy family life. Moreover, during such stages of his mental and physical development, it was also seen that he had poor conception about healthcare systems and considered them as dog boxes. Health literacy is extremely important for every individual to develop successful access to care and also use services, for self care and also for chronic conditions. This would help in the maintenance of health as well as wellness for the individual. Health literacy is also important so that an individual can develop more active roles in decision mailing and management of his symptoms (Nakamura et al., 2014). However no s uch knowledge was found in him that lead him to the development of apathy towards healthcare. The perfect model of healthcare that he needs at this moment to make him experience a better life not only physically but also mentally, emotionally and socially is the trans-theoretical model which will mainly depends in individuals decision making as well as a model of intentional change. Factors Affecting health Decisions and Behaviour: From the early period of development in the adolescent as well as the young adulthood, Bill has been unfortunate to particularly undertake successful developments in his personality that had resulted in huge impact on his social as well as physical life. Due to improper development in creating the right attributes required to make a health relationship with partner, he had failed miserably in his marriage and does not even intend to take in initiatives that will help in the development of a better relationship with his wife (Prakash et al., 2015). Moreover he is too apathetic about his own life while he follows a lifestyle very harmful for his health. His diet is one of the most important risk factor that makes him vulnerable to any kind of heart diseases. He is suffering from obesity as his BMI is 34.7. As the case says that he has the habit of eating takeaways food which is mostly highly in calories. Now, as he is lazy and is not ready take to take in any exercise that would burn h is calories, he is gaining weight. Moreover it is also seen that he wants to reduce weight for his wifes request but not due to his own will which clearly states that he is completely illiterate about how his food habits are harming him. Moreover disrespecting healthcare as dog boxes also makes one understand that he has no idea about how healthcare interventions would not only cure him but will also help him to provide a quality life. Besides, the entire case study gives an impression that he maintains a lazy life by gardening most of the times, fishing and others. Inactivity level is high in case of the patient and therefore he is highly vulnerable to different types of heart diseases (Baltes and Schaie, 2013). Moreover, he is a patient of hypertension and only asks the prescribers to recommend it to save money. He is lazy as in the sense as in his free time he goes and plays poker in place of undergoing severe rigorous exercises that he need to lessened down his weight. Absence o f proper health literacy skills had made him to remain contended only with his pills for hypertension but his concern about his obese nature is yet not understood by him and it is extremely important for him to make him understand his risk factors and make him change his lifestyles. Psycho-Physiological Aspects of health: 400 While describing the psycho-physiological aspect of the entire case, one can explain it from the perspective of the theory given by Erikson. The concept of psychophysiology mainly deals with the relationship between the mental (Psyche) and physical (Psychological) processes (Schwartz et al., 2014). Mainly it helps in the approaching of the scientific study that deals with the interaction of the mind with that of the body. Mainly these kinds of disorders are influenced by different types of emotional stresses and different types of mental disorders also get reflected in their physical health as well. As one can see in this case, that the mentality of the individual is quite different as he is not a believer of healthcare interventions thereby referring the healthcare sectors as dog boxes. He only wants to take slimming sessions not because of his feeling that he needs it but because he thinks his wife would create issues. One can here represent Ericksons theory to discuss it. In his t heory, he had stated a stage called industry versus inferiority where children learn the importance of new topics with specific skills (Srigley et al., 2015). If this initiative is not encouraged by teachers and seen parents, the learning directives of the children gets entangled resulting in confused situation (Darling-Fuscher and Leidy, 2015). In this case instead of feeling industrious, the child becomes inferior developing feelings that result to doubting their own abilities. This prevents them from reaching their own potential. This makes the child feel that society is demanding and they tend to fail to meet expectations. In this old age, Bill therefore feels that there is no need to look over his weight as he feels it to be the demand of society. He has not developed the knowledge that it is helpful for him to protect his health from uncertain fate. Moreover his second stage also discusses about the transition from childhood to adulthood when a person learns the concept of fid elity. The new adults explore their possibilities where they begin their own identity that depends on their outcomes of explorations (Corace et al., 2016). They tend to develop their career, families, housing and others governing sexual and occupational importance. This stage of fidelity thereby helps the individual to commit himself to others by accepting others in spite of ideological differences. Any crisis in this stage results in altogether different stages in the personality affecting his sexual and occupational life (Florindo et al., 2014). Mainly because of severe issues, it might have been possible that Bill had developed a personality that does not maintain the fidelity nature as he had been very neglecting to his wife in later stages. Ericksons theory of stagnation and despair is also found among Bill. Therefore we see that a large number of factors are associated that had remain intricately associated with his poor knowledge development in healthcare. He has very little wish of developing his health system and only takes his pills since it helps him in gardening and not because it helps him to keep check on his hypertension. Therefore it is extremely important for the nurse to take up a model of healthcare to make him understand the importance of quality living. Prevention of Illness and Promotion of health: The best method that can be considered for treatment of patients who are apathetic and have very poor knowledge about the contribution of healthcare is the Trans-theoretical model. It mainly helps in developing the knowledge of an individual in integrating new behaviors as well as goals and programs that can be carried on at various levels. It mainly contains six important stages and at each stage different interventions will help the patient to overcome his issues and manage progress (Abdi et al., 2016). This theoretical approach already believes that people do not change behaviors quickly and decisively. They believe that changes in behaviors especially habitual behavior takes place with the help of a cyclical procedure. In the first stage which is called precontemplation. The nurses should understand that the patient is unaware of the behavior that is creating problems in his personal life as well as his physical health. The patients in this place usually pressurize the nurse abou t saying the various cons of the changing behavior and underestimate the different positive aspects of the changing behavior (DeMezes et al., 2015). After continuous counseling from the nurse with prior education and discussion, in the second stage called contemplation, patient usually intend to start the healthy behavior in the foreseeable future. At this stage they learn to recognize that their behavior is problematic and they tend to consider of accepting the intervention. The third stage is the preparation phase where the patient will promise to take actions within 30 days and contributes to small steps towards adopting the behavioral changes. The fourth step is the action stage where the patient had already changed the behavior by modifying it or adopting new changes. The fifth stage is the maintenance stage where the nurse will ensure that the patient is maintaining the changed behavior and carrying it forward with the last stage being termination. In this stage, the patient d evelops a feeling where he no longer wants to go back into the previous unhealthy behavior. The nurse should thereby raise his consciousness and help him in emotional arousal of the health behavior whether positive or negative. The nurse should also help the patient in self reappraisal that the healthy behaviour us helping him. She would also help in social reappraisal making him see how his changes are helping others (Valpied and Hegarty, 2015). The nurse also helped him in social liberation making him see that society is supportive of the behavior along with self liberation making him belief that changes are for his better good. Counseling with his relations, help him to overcome different issues in personal relationship so that they can also support her wishes. Counter conditioning would help him to remove his bad thoughts and incorporate his positive thoughts. Reinforcement management is also important like providing rewards for positive behavior and reducing rewards for negative behavior. The nurse should also make sure that there would be stimulus control which can be achieved by reengineering the environment. This would help in development of cues and reminders to encourage and support the healthy behavior and remove unhealthy behavior. Conclusion: Bill is an individual with a chronic hypertension as well as obesity who is highly apathetic to healthcare. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge about health literacy that had mainly caused a sense of disbelief in him. It is therefore extremely important for the healthcare professionals to make him go through a health care system that would not only help him recover physically by diet charts and exercises but also thorough a behavioural changes. These are extremely important for making him lead a quality life. References: Abdi, J., Eftekhar, H., Mahmoodi, M., Shojaeizade, D., Sadeghi, R. (2015). Lifestyle of the employees working in Hamadan public sectors: application of the trans-theoretical model.Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal,17(2). Baltes, P.B. Schaie, K.W. eds., (2013).Life-span developmental psychology: Personality and socialization. Elsevier. Corace, K.M., Srigley, J.A., Hargadon, D.P., Yu, D., MacDonald, T.K., Fabrigar, L.R. Garber, G.E., (20160. Using behavior change frameworks to improve healthcare worker influenza vaccination rates: A systematic review.Vaccine,34(28), pp.3235-3242. Darling-Fisher, C., Leidy, N. (2015). The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. de Menezes, M.C., Mingoti, S.A., Cardoso, C.S., de Deus Mendona, R. Lopes, A.C.S., (2015). Intervention based on Transtheoretical Model promotes anthropometric and nutritional improvementsA randomized controlled trial.Eating behaviors,17, pp.37-44. Florindo, A.A., Costa, E.F., Sa, T.H., dos Santos, T.I., Velardi, M. Andrade, D.R., (2014). Physical activity promotion in primary health care in Brazil: a counseling model applied to community health workers.Journal of Physical Activity and Health,11(8), pp.1531-1539. Komenaka, I.K., Eubanks, R.X., Nodora, J., Martinez, M.E., Hsu, C.H., Bouton, M. Weiss, B.D., (2014). The feasibility and time required for routine health literacy assessment in surgical practice.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,219(4), p.e36. Nakamura, J., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The motivational sources of creativity as viewed from the paradigm of positive psychology. InThe Systems Model of Creativity(pp. 195-206). Springer Netherlands. Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., Kramer, A. F. (2015). Physical activity and cognitive vitality.Annual review of psychology,66, 769-797. Schwartz, S.J., Benet-Martnez, V., Knight, G.P., Unger, J.B., Zamboanga, B.L., Des Rosiers, S.E., Stephens, D.P., Huang, S. Szapocznik, J., (2014). Effects of language of assessment on the measurement of acculturation: Measurement equivalence and cultural frame switching.Psychological assessment,26(1), p.100. Simpson, S., Clifford, C., Quinn, M.G., Ross, K., Sefton, N., Owen, L., Blizzard, L. Turner, R., (2017). Sexuality-related attitudes significantly modulate demographic variation in sexual health literacy in Tasmanian university students.Sexual Health. Snow, C. E., Dibner, K. A. (2016). Science Literacy: Concepts, Contexts, and Consequences.National Academies Press. Srigley, J.A., Corace, K., Hargadon, D.P., Yu, D., MacDonald, T., Fabrigar, L. Garber, G., (2015). Applying psychological frameworks of behaviour change to improve healthcare worker hand hygiene: a systematic review.Journal of Hospital Infection,91(3), pp.202-210.

Should Drugs Be Legalized Essays - Drug Culture, Drug Control Law

Should Drugs Be Legalized? For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isn't experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial solution is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was repealed. From this, one may infer the same of legalizing drugs. Legalizing alcohol didn't increase alcoholism, so why would drugs increase drug abuse? However, drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Once legalized, drugs would become cheaper and more accessible to people who previously had not tried drugs, because of the high price or the legal risk. Drug abuse would skyrocket! Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, but because the drugs aren't accessible would now feed the addiction if drugs were made legal. These drug addicts would not be forced to kick the habit due to the availability of the drug they would partake eagerly. The temptation to use drugs would increase when advertisements for cocaine, heroin and marijuana are displayed on television. Instead of money used by employed addicts, you will see welfare funds used to purchase drugs. If welfare funds were being misused, this would cause a major problem in the economy. Drugs must not be legalized. It puts our country at a terrible risk. Health officials have shown that the legalization of drugs would cause a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. AIDS poses a growing threat to addicts, and thus to society as a whole. The virus that causes AIDS is growing, due to drug addicts who share needles and syringes. The sharing of such needles by intravenous drug users helps increase the spread of AIDS. "Infection among IV drug abusers is continuing to occur at a very steady rate," warn Richard E. Chaisson director of the AIDS service at John Hopkins University. In the U.S gay men still make up the primary risk group, although 750,000 to 1 million drug addicts are believed to be at risk to AIDS nationally. The problem here is the sharing of needles, which is causing the spread of AIDS. IV drug abusers are killing our nation at an amazingly fast speed. AIDS which surfaced in the 80's is now on the rise and even more deadly to IV drug users. The sharing of needles must be stopped. Drugs should not be legalized. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. The United States can not afford this problem. It has become a world power by strengthening its people not by killing them. Drug abuse has gotten worse, with its effects on crack babies, drug addicts, and the I.V user. There must be education for the survival of this nation, not legalization.

Strategic Leadership Gap Inc.

Health and Psychology Essay Example

Health and Psychology Essay Example Health and Psychology Paper Health and Psychology Paper Linda Luecken performed a study that considers existing evidence that have a bearing on a model that theorizes that early family adversity has an impact on the cognitive performance of adults (Luecken, 2006). Luecken sought to discover whether there is sufficient evidence to create a link between child abuse or neglect in the home and various psychosocial and behavioral aspects of adult life (Luecken, 2006). She conducted her study because she realized that there is sufficient material to support a conclusion linking family adversity and physical health in adults, but there is no evaluation of whether there is adequate literature to support the proposal made by the examined model (Luecken, 2006). Thus, Luecken looked into evidence that discuss cognitive performance of adults, particularly performance through psychosocial, behavioral, and health-related pathways. She likewise considered the limitations of existing studies and gave suggestions for future research (Luecken, 2006). Method   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lueckens paper proposes a lifespan developmental approach, which concludes that early family experiences characterized by adversity or stress contributes to the rate of cognitive decline in older adulthood. She proposed a global model that consists of several pathways (Luecken, 2006). These pathways provide the means by which experiences of a person creates an impact on his cognitive function. Since the paper consists of studying and evaluating current literature on the subject, the author described the different types and the prevalence of adverse family experiences to which a person could be exposed in early family life. Second, she reviewed literature on the different physiological stress responses of people and the impact of such responses on cognitive function. Later on she tries to make a connection between family adversity and physiological stress responses (Luecken, 2006). Lastly, she outlined the potential pathways that link family adversity and cognitive function in older adults (Luecken, 2006). Discussion and Limitations The author discussed the available evidence supporting the enumerated pathways to cognitive aging in older adulthood, citing many studies conducted in the past (Luecken, 2006). She thus concludes that there is a wealth of evidence that may support a theory that links adverse early family experience with cognitive aging (Luecken, 2006). She likewise discussed suggestions regarding the development of dysregulated physiological stress responses caused by neglect or abuse in early childhood, as supported by various animal and human studies (Luecken, 2006). She concludes that while the evidence may be mounting in this field of study, the same remains inadequate in many respects (Luecken, 2006). For example, researchers have not focused on positive effects and preventive measures that could be derived from the knowledge of the impact of adverse early experiences and psychological stress responses (Luecken, 2006). Instead, studies focused only on the negative impact of such adverse experiences. The author is concerned that several limitations are unavoidable in her attempt to empirically evaluate the theory supporting the link between family adversity and cognitive aging in older adults. She says there might be enough evidence to support the link of each pathway to cognitive aging independently, a complete empirical evaluation would still require further evaluation that tests the links as a whole (Luecken, 2006). A further concern for the author is the lack of adequate procedure for empirical evaluation of the theory (Luecken, 2006). This is because of the nature of the materials, such that evidence of early childhood experiences is difficult to gather (Luecken, 2006). She discussed that a common method used by researchers is retrospective recall or reports, but such method is tainted with doubts as to the objectivity of the information (Luecken, 2006). Thus, she suggests possible ways of improving the current method, such as gathering supporting data from credible sources, such as siblings and other witnesses (Luecken, 2006). She also suggested the gathering of documented data involving adverse early experiences (Luecken, 2006). However, she recognizes the possibility that these proposed methods would also raise various validity problems. Evaluation of Article/Suggestions for further research The article conducted an empirical evaluation of existing evidence to support a theory. While the article may be commended for being innovative in combining various pathways to cognitive aging into one model, one could not say that there is much new knowledge to be gleaned from the study. The author did not conduct a specific or novel method to test her theory, but merely relied on evidence supplied by past research. She merely summarized the methods used and the findings of previous writers on the different aspects of her theory and sought a way to combine them. However, she merely proposed a way of possibly testing the theory as a whole, but never tried it herself, even on a limited sample. The article may have shed light in terms of assessing the adequacy of literature on the matter of cognitive aging and its causes, but such light is not very bright. The author could have pushed herself more and conducted a few actual tests on her own, in order to support the evidence she already gathered. Thus, while she gave tips for improving current methods, such tips could not be taken conclusively because they are not backed by test or application. Trottier, K., Polivy, J., Herman, P. (2007). Effects of Exposure to Thin and   Overweight Peers: Evidence of Social Comparison in Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 26(2), p. 155-172. Background and purpose of the study Trottier, Polivy, Herman conducted a study on the impact of exposure to thin and overweight peers to a person (2007). They were prompted by their perception that there is inadequacy in treatment as to the effect of information about the body weight of a persons peers on that persons perception about himself/herself (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). They pointed out that current and past studies only dealt with the effect on a persons perception by idealized media messages (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). They thus proposed and tested the hypothesis that exposure to information about a peers weight also has an effect on a persons perception about himself (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). However, the authors divided their inquiry into two groups. They investigated and tested the effect of such information on restrained and unrestrained eaters, and decided on a possible difference in effect between the two groups (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). Method They chose to evaluate the effect of perception of the weight of peers rather than any other category, because they thought peers have increased tendency to influence the perception of a person because peers share surrounding dimensions with such person   (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). Thus, one would create his self-perception based on what he sees on his peers   (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007). They divided their study to restrained and unrestrained eaters because they expected to see a difference in their propensity to be influenced by their peers. They noted that past research indicated that restrained eaters are more likely to focus on information relating to weight than unrestrained eaters (Trottier, Polivy, Herman, 2007).

Orchestral Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Orchestral Music - Essay Example Stylistically, the prelude is improvisatory in nature. The prelude can also refer to an overture, particularly to those seen in an opera or an oratorio. Prelude can be referring to as a preface. It can stand on its own or introduce another work. Overture in music is the instrumental introduction to a dramatic, choral (1911encyclopedia.org) or, occasionally, instrumental composition. It is used as an opening to a larger dramatic work such as an opera. Overture also referred to collections of movements, known as suites. (wikipedia.com). A sinfonie is a musical composition, the extended and used for orchestra. It does not imply a specific form. There are sinfonies that are tonal works in four movements with the first in sonata form, and it is often described by music theorists as the structure of a classical (reference.com) sinfonie. The very first preludes were lute compositions of the Renaissance era. They were free improvisations and served as brief introductions to larger pieces of music or particular larger and more complex movements; lutenists also used them to test the instrument or the acoustics of the room before performing. In the 17th century in France the keyboard preludes started. During this century the duration of each note is left to the performer. The first composer who embrace the genre is Louis Couperin, and harpsichord preludes were used until the first half of the 18th century by numerous composers including Jean-Henri d'Anglebert (1629-1691), lisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre (1665-1729), Franois Couperin (1668-1733) and Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764), whose very first printed piece (1706) was in this form. The last unmeasured preludes for harpsichord date from the 1710s. Prelude in the 17th century in Germany led to a sectional form similar to keyboard toccatas Johann Jakob Froberger or Girol amo Frescobaldi. Outside Germany, Abraham van den Kerckhoven (c.1618-c.1701), one of the most important Dutch composers of the period, used this model for some of his preludes. Southern and central German composers did not follow the sectional model and their preludes remained improvisational in character with little or no strict counterpoint. In the second half of 17th century prelude are being paired with figures in the same key. Preludes were also used by some 20th century composers when writing Baroque-inspired "suites". Such works include Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin (1914/17) and Schoenberg's Suite for piano, Op. 25 (1921/23), both of which begin with an introductory prelude. Ludwig van Beethoven wrote two preludes, Op. 39; each one cycles through all of the major keys of the piano. Evolution of Overture Overture was formulated during the 17th century. As a musical form overture begins with the works of J-B Lully (1911encyclopedia.org). He devised the scheme that constitutes the typical French overture up to the time (1911encyclopedia.org) of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Friderich Handel. This French ouverture consists of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm" (1911encyclopedia.org), followed by a lively movement in fugato style. The slow introduction was always repeated, and sometimes the quick movement concluded by returning to the slow tempo, (1911encyclopedia.org) usually with new motivic material but occasionally recapitulating the opening, and this combined fast-slow material was sometimes also repeated. The operatic

The World Wide Web Bubble Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The World Wide Web Bubble - Research Paper Example The essay "The World Wide Web Bubble" describes the reasons and consequences of one of the speculative bubbles, which took place within the time period of 1997 to 2000. The venture capitalists found record-setting growth in the internet sector as the dot-com companies were experiencing a meteoric rise in the stock prices and as a result, moving faster with reduced caution than usual. These companies chose to mitigate the risk by the start-up of many contenders and left it up to the market to decide that which would turn out to be successful. The low rate of interest within the period of 1998-99 has helped in increasing the total startup capital amount. Some of these dot-com companies had their business model built in such manner which relied mostly on harnessing their network effects by means of conducting operations at a sustainable net loss for the purpose of building the market share. These companies provided their services or their end products to the customers without any costs. They did this with expectation of building enough brand awareness that would help them to charge profitable rates in future. In the financial market, the stock market bubble means a self-perpetuating increase or downfall in the share prices of the stocks of any industry. The bubble occurs in the financial market when the speculators find that there is a rapid increase in the stock value and they plan to buy the stock with the perception that it would rise in future as well rather than because of the fact that these shares are undervalued. Because of this fact many companies were becoming overvalued (grossly). It is due to this reason that when bubble bursts and the share prices come down drastically, many companies

Role of Creativity in Enhancing the Competitiveness of Unilever Essay

Role of Creativity in Enhancing the Competitiveness of Unilever Company - Essay Example It is the spirit of creativity that has made the company a consumer giant with billions of customers buying its products globally. Creativity Index The global competitiveness report publishes country-wide index of economic creativity that defines how countries through their firms improve their productive activities. Though the index puts most developed countries high in the list (UK is ranked 8th in the competitive list) but crucial thing is that many developing countries are adopting newer ways and technologies and they are fast catching up with developed economies. The index shows how East Asian countries have become more creative to become competitive in several manufacturing processes. That is why it is important for the developed countries to continue with their creative ways to remain competitive globally (Global Competitiveness, 2012). Competitiveness through Creativity– A Unilever Way Unilever strongly believes that creativity can make a strong impact on the organisati on and the company attempts to bring forth creativity through diversity of minds. Unilever, in one of the study to research on creative teams, conducted 100 creative sessions using a questionnaire. Researchers finally received 78 completed questionnaires that had enough information. For our understanding, the problem fields to which study was initiated can be described as per the following. Field: alternatives for product A or think about ingredients for a particular benefit. Field: thinking about next generation product or a format for a new product called Y. Field: solving technical products such as how to improve dispensing of the cream or thinking for new application using a new ingredient. Field: cultural issues such as having more fun at work. Each creative session... This essay presents one of the best examples of the analysis of creativity role in the process of modern management of a company in the globalized world of today. As shown in the essay, creativity plays an important and crucial role in developing and sustaining economic competitiveness of advanced economies. Igniting creativity across all business activities is certainly a big challenge for the management of any firm and Unilever understood the importance of creativity and that is why the company has been able to expand across most parts of the world. It is the creativity that has made the company a consumer giant with billions of customers buying its products globally. The global competitiveness report publishes country-wide index of economic creativity that defines how countries through their firms improve their productive activities. It shows, that developing countries are adopting newer ways and technologies and they are fast catching up with developed economies Unilever strongly believes that creativity can make a strong impact on the organisation and the company attempts to bring forth creativity through diversity of minds. Unilever, in one of the study to research on creative teams, conducted 100 creative sessions using a questionnaire. Creativity helps the company to enhance its competitiveness. In today’s integrated economic world, companies just cannot survive without an all-round creative approach interwoven as the basic culture in the most aspects of the business activities.

Selection of Procurement Strategy

Selection of Procurement Strategy 1.0 INTRODUCTION A major determinant of project success is the selection of the most appropriate procurement strategy which will be used as a frame work to acquire the services of professionals in the industry (Morledge at al, 2006). This report presents the stages that have to be gone through in other to select the best procurement strategy for Janus Leisure plc. Before a suitable project strategy can be selected, there are many variables that need to be considered. However, Masterman (2002) explains that with regards to procurement, only those sub strategies which will have an impact on the ultimate procurement strategy should be considered. He therefore describes the process as consisting of: understanding the client, assessing client objectives, identifying the project constraints including risks and the method of organising the design and construction. These points will therefore form the framework of this report. 1.1 CLIENT Clients in the construction industry are becoming complex in their requirements which has subsequently led to increased client dissatisfaction levels (Latham, 1994). It is therefore essential to identify the type of clients being dealt with as this will have an influence in the choice of procurement method. Based on the categorization of clients by Masterman (2002), Janus leisure plc can be described as a private organisation who generates its funds from its internally business activities and therefore are concerned with profit maximisation wherever possible. Furthermore, we can also say that, the client is an inexperienced client in terms of construction as their main business focus is horse racing. It does not involve in construction activities often and only owns 6 racecourses. However, it is assumed that, the client is very aware of what infrastructure of its business should look like. Finally, we can also say that Janus leisure is a secondary client who requires the building to enable it them house their business activities. This therefore means that construction represents only a small percentage of their annual turn over. 1.2 PROJECT SCOPE The company intends to improve its flagship racecourse at Melchester which hosts the 5000 guineas stakes every year. The proposals are to be undertaken in two phases: Phase I demolition of the existing grandstand the construction of a new 5-storey grandstand to include an extensive conference and exhibition centre (10,000m2 total) and associated external works (budget  £25M) refurbishment of two existing stands circa 100 years old (budget  £5M) Phase II construction of a new 120-bed hotel facility and casino (budget  £12M) to be operational for the 2013 5000 Guineas Stakes meeting in mid-September 1.3 CLIENT OBJECTIVES Janus leisure plc has to consider a number of factors in other to choose the best procurement strategy for the project. To provide guidance for client on their decision of the most appropriate procurement strategy to adopt, Turner (1997) proposed a list of seven factors to consider. Completion time variation complexity quality price certainty price competition management and accountability These will be discussed in detail in the next sub section. Client requirements The objectives and requirements of the client in this report have been categorised under cost, quality and time expectations of the client. They also represent the criteria used by the client in the assessment of the procurement strategies. The following criteria as adopted from Turner (1997) has been established and discussed. Cost Relevance of cost certainty Janus leisure plc is a company which aims at maximising profit wherever possible. It will therefore not intend to spend more than it has budgeted for each section of the development. This implies that, high on the priority of the client is to have a fair idea of how much the project will cost prior to the start of the actual construction. Since the company desires to constantly invest in all of its venues over the coming years. It will therefore be preferable that any strategy chosen should be able to give an idea of the total commitment to be expected, since the project is phased, it means that, this will be a tougher consideration for the first phase but will be achieved to higher degree of accuracy I the second phase Relevance of price competition Janus leisure has a total budget of  £42M for the entire project. With this commitment in mind and a fair certainty of the cost, the client does not really place so much focus on the competition for phase 1. Though Turner (1997) explains that best market price can only be obtained through competition, the client is of the view that factors such as time requirement are of more concern to him and any bid which was around his budget was alright for the first phase. With regard to the second phase, since there will be more time., it is the intention of the client to use competition in other to attain the best price as such therefore any opportunities for price competition will be preferred more. Organisation and accountability It is assumed that the client is fully aware of the fact that, risks go with premiums. However, Janus leisure plc prefers a single point responsibility for the construction of the hotel and will be prepared to pay a premium for that. Clamp et al (2007) argues that leaving both design and construction within one entity could have compromising effects on the quality; however, Janus leisure will prefer to have to deal with just one company in other to eliminate the hassle of lengthy negotiations with many professionals. The client requires that it retains the control for the management of the first phase because it is of more importance to him as he needs it to be ready by 2012. Time Early completion This is a very high priority for the client because they intend to return the 2012 5000 guineas stakes to Melchester. This clearly states that phase 1 should be competed and ready for commissioning before that time. It is known that the duration of the fist phase is short as such early start in needs to ensure early completion. Similarly, with the second phase, it must be completed be 2013. Though this seem to be a longer, advantage should be taken to obtain more competitive while maintaining acceptable standards of quality. Therefore, time is of a higher priority in phase 1 than in phase two Phased requirements The proposed developments are in two phases and should be carried out as such, the duration of the first phase is 2 years which should be ready by mid-September 2012 while that of the second phase is three years and should be completed and ready to use by mid September 2013. As a private client, completion time is of a high priority. Quality Variations Janus leisure plc has been describes as an in experienced client, as such there is the possibility for the client to want to change his mind as the project progresses. Furthermore, the extent of the refurbishment in the first phase cannot be fully envisaged. This implies that, there is an increased possibility of significant variations. However, variations will be minimal in the second phase because, Janus has built some hotels in the past and therefore know what exactly they will want to have in this hotel. It is important to consider variations because they entail high costs and have effects on the construction period and also each procurement method deals differently with variations. Level of prestige Horse racing is a sport that is patronised by a large cross-section of the public as well as wealthy and rich; however, the proposals by Janus leisure does not call for a prestigious design though the requirements of the conferencing, banqueting as well as the hotel should be good and incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Project complexity In terms of complexity during procurement, functionality of the project is not an essential requirement however; complexity of the construction itself and the environmental services is usually very significant (Turner, 1997). The requirements of the project are fairly straightforward as the major requirements were air conditioning and public address systems therefore; complexity is not a great problem in the first phase. With the second phase, more facilities like escalators, lifts and air conditioning facilities will be provided but that notwithstanding, we can say that both faces require a good quality. Risk It is important that any risks to the project are to be effectively managed by the party that is best able to handle them. And every procurement system distributes the risks between the client and contractor (Masterman 2002). Some procurement methods allocate more of the risks to the client and others more to the contractor. Since the client want to control of the first phase, they accept to have the risk even though they will prefer to share them wherever possible. Because the client is quite inexperienced in construction, will prefer to leave to as much of the speculative risk as possible with a single contracting entity though they are aware this might mean payment of premiums for the second phase because it will need time to organize its business activities. 2.0 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS With respect to the client requirement, four procurement methods have been selected to be appraised because of the peculiar characteristics they have which may be of interest and suitability to the project. They are Traditional method Design and build Management contracting Construction management 2.1 TRADITIONAL METHOD This method is referred to by some authors and researchers as the separated system and it is the oldest form of procurement (Masterman, 2002). It is characterised by the separation between the design and the construction phases and therefore offers multiple points of responsibility (Oyegoke et al ,2009). The client first appoints consultants who will be responsible for the design, cost control and contract administration. Once the design in complete, the client and his team invites tenders from suitable contractors and eventually appoints one of them who will be responsible for carrying out the works. There is therefore direct contractual relationship between the client and the consultants and also between the client and the contractor. The contractor is responsible for all the workmanship and materials including work by sub-contractors and suppliers (Clamp et al, 2007). In some cases, the client could novate subcontractors or suppliers with whom the main contractor will have legal c ontracts. The figure below shows the contractual relations of this system. Fig 1: Contractual relationship; The Traditional Procurement Method (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Traditional method of procurement According to Murdoch and Hughes (2008), following the criteria developed by the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT 1988), the following are a proposed a list of instances which traditional method is most suitable. The employer has caused the design to be prepared and for the purposes of the building contract takes responsibility for it. The employers designer is sufficiently experienced to co-ordinate and lead the design team and to manage the interface between design and production. The design is substantially complete when the contractor is selected. An independent quantity surveyor will be used to plan and control the financial aspects of the project The contractor is selected on the basis of the contractors estimate and carries the risk that the estimate may be wrong. The employer reserves the right to select sub-contractors for certain parts of the work. ‘Prime cost sums including employer-selected sub-contracts, do not form the major proportion of the contract sum. The employers agents feel that it is important to use an acceptable negotiated form to ensure a fair and familiar distribution of risk. The employer makes no explicit choice and the advisors do not raise the issue. Suitability With regard to the requirement of the client, the traditional method will be very suitable with regard to price certainty which is high on the priority of the client for the first phase. This is because designs will be completely finished and bills of quantities produced which will be priced by tendering contractors. As such, Janus will know its financial commitment to a high degree of accuracy before the start of the project. However, the problem will be whether there is enough time for full designs to be produced followed by tendering before actual construction starts. This is a concern because completion time is equally of high priority to the client and so the traditional method might not be so suitable in that regard. The traditional methods is also one of the best ways to secure best market price as there is competition between tendering firms, however, since competition is not high on the priority of Janus leisure plc for the fist phase, the second phase will take advantage of that. Since variation is to be expected in the project during the first phase, the traditional method will allow, Janus leisure, a flexibility of mind until when the tender documents are prepared for bidding. After this, changes in specification might be very costly and time wasting. It will be suitable for the second phase as well because variation is expected to be even lower. Janus leisure will not be favoured in terms of his accountability requirements for the second phase because Oyegoke et al (2009) explains that this system introduces multiple points of responsibility. 2.2 DESIGN AND BUILD This system is characterised by the integration of the design and construction phases. Masterman (2002) explains that, the commonly used integrated system is the design and build method however there are other variants such as novated design and build, develop and construct, package deal and turn key projects. Within this report, only the design and build variant is considered. The approach leaves full responsibility of the design and construction with a single organisation: the contractor. Rashid et al (2006) explains that, the selection of the most suitable contractor is based on the brief and the specification given by the client at the time of bidding. In effect, the contractor has the total responsibility for all the works, co-ordination and integration of the whole process as well as appointment of any consultants, specialists or subcontractors (Murdoch and Hughes, 2008). Figure 2.2 shows the contractual relation with this system. Fig 2 Contractual relationship: The Design and Build system (Morledge et al 2006) Use of the design and build method According to Murdoch and Hughes (2008), there are some characteristics of a project which determine whether the design and build method will be suitable for a particular project, theses are listed below: The clients familiarity with construction(experience) The relative importance of client priorities (time, cost, function, quality, value for money etc.) The technical complexity of the project The need to make variations to requirements as work proceeds The patterns of responsibility and communication The need for an early start on site. Suitability With regard to the requirements of Janus leisure plc, this method will be suitable in regard to project completion time because of the integration of the construction and design phases will make the project faster, furthermore, since there is a lump sum fixed price for the bespoke design and construction (Masterman, 2002) the client will equally have high degree of price certainty prior to the start of the project. This method will be suitable because for the client in the second phase in terms of his risk allocation requirement as most to the risk will tend to be with the contractor however, it may not be suitable for the first because the client wants to retain more control. Also, design and build will be suitable for the client because the client will only have one contractual relation with the contractor which will march his responsibility criteria. However many researchers including Masterman (2002) and Turner (1997) have argued that since both design and construction are left w ith the contracting firm, there could be possible compromises in the quality expectation in terms of both design and more importantly workmanship and materials, I will also argue that since the client will give a comprehensive brief with little variation for the second phase, this should not be a big problem. It is again worthy to note that the system will not particularly be suited to the variation requirement of Janus leisure plc for the first phase. The criteria established the possibilities of variations as the project progresses, especially in the first phase but the design and build system freezes excessive variation at an early stage when the contract is signed and any changes after that will tend to cost the client lots of money and time. Fortunately, Janus is already aware of this. Again, leaving both the design and construction on the contractor means leaving more risks with him and this will involve payment of premiums as such. 2.3 MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING This is a method of procurement in which the management contractor is paid a fee by the client to manage the whole building process and therefore has direct contractual relations with all the works contractors (Morledge at al, 2006). The management contractor advices on the buildability of the designs as well as value management during the design. The construction works are let out in packages therefore there is early start with this method. The management contractor does not take part in the actual construction but provide preliminaries for the project. The figure below shows the contractual relation with the management contracting form of procurement. Fig 3.Contractual relationship: Management contracting (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Management contracting Murdoch and Hughes propose a list developed by the Joint Contract Tribunal (JCT, 1987a) which indicates suitable circumstances in which to use Management contracting. The list is as follows: The employer wishes the design to be carried out by an independent architect and design team There is a need for early completion The project is fairly large The project requirements are complex The project entails, or might entail, changing the employers requirements during the building period The employer requiring early completion wants the maximum possible competition in respect of the price for the building works. Suitability This system of procurement is desirable in respect of the client priorities of completion time because of the overlap between design and construction, furthermore, as the work will be let out in packages, competition, though not of a high priority to the client, can be used to attain best price. Under this procurement method, the client will also be able to have a fair certainty of the price before the start of the project. The system will also be suitable in terms of the variation requirements of the client for the first phase because the full design is co-ordinated and developed by the client and his team, as such there is much room for flexibility until that package has been let out on contract. With this procurement system, much of the speculative risk is with the client while works contractors take just a little (Clamp et al, 2007) as such this will be acceptable for the first phase but not quite meet the expectation of Janus leisure for the second phase as they prefer to leave much of the speculative risks with the contracting firm. 2.4 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT With this procurement system, the client appoints the construction manager on the basis of a fee to manage, prepare and co-ordinate the design and construction as well as advising the design team on the buildability of the design (Morledge et al, 2006) as such the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single firm because the works are subsequently let out to packages contractors who are in direct contractual relation with the client. The contractual relation with this procurement type is shown below. Fig 4 Contractual relationship: Construction management (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Construction management According to Murdoch and Hughes (2000) Construction management is suitable when the characteristics of the project fulfils in part or whole of the following: The employer is familiar with construction, and knows some or all of the professional team. The risks associated with the project are dominated by timeliness and cost (e.g. the employer may be a private sector employer requiring a commercial building). The project is technologically complex involving diverse technologies and sub-systems. The employer wants to make minor variations to requirements, as the project proceeds. There is scope for separating responsibility for design from responsibility for management of the project. The employer requires an early start on site. The price needs to be competitive, but ‘value for money is more important than simply securing the least possible cost. Suitability This procurement method similar characteristics with the management contract variant, however, there are some differences. The completion time requirements, variation requirement and quality requirements is the same as in the management contracting. However, this system leaves virtually on all the risk on the contractor: a trait which will not suit the requirement of Janus leisure plc. Furthermore, the is no certainty of price as the system works with target sum but advantage can be taken of price competition as the packages are let out to package contractors. Another point worthy on mentioning is that, this method will not particularly suit the responsibility requirement of Janus leisure, who prefer to have to deal with just one contractor. 2.5 RISK SHARING This determines the apportionment of the risks that occur to the party that is able to handle it more adequately than the other. Some procurement methods allocate more of the risks to the client and others more to the contractor, Janus leisure plc is willing to accept some of the risk provided they will be able to foresee it before it occurs for the first phase but will prefer to leave much risk on the contracting firm fro the second phase. The different procurement methods have limits to which the client can tranfer risk. A speculative risk chart according to the different procurement methods can be seen below table 1 : Speculative risk (Clamp et al., 2007) 3.0 SELECTION PROCESS The aim of the selection process is to accurately identify the best procurement route which meets and satisfies the client requirements best (Masterman, 2002). The tables below shows the results of the assessment criteria for the two phases of the project Table 2 priority checklist for phase 1 Table 3priority checklist for phase 2 3.2 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR PHASE 1 Based on the rating on table 2 and the clients success criteria, the management contracting procurement system has been recommended to be used in the execution of phase 1 Reasons for recommendation It has been established already that time is crucial to the first phase of the developments, as such, this procurement system is suitable because it allows construction to start early once a work section has been completely designed, for example, immediately the foundation are fully designed, the client and his team can give that part out on contract as the designed is continued. The client still retains full control of responsibility of the design as the construction goes on, so since Janus indicates the possibility of variations this will be very much accommodated while the management contractor contributes to the buildability of the designs. The client and his team will also have the chance to select materials and techniques in other to achieve the standard it requires which still reduces maintenance costs. 3.3 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR PHASE 2 Based on the critical analysis of the critical factors of success for the project as well as the adoption of the table 3 above, the competitive design and build system of procurement has been chosen for the construction of phase 2. Reasons for recommendation The client rates time as important as such, since the contractor is in charge of both the design and construction, there will be an early start of the project on site which will guarantee completion to schedule. However, since the responsibility of the design will be that of the contractor, the client will have to provide a good brief to the contractor in other to eliminate any confusion. This will be required to a great extent so that variations will be reduced to the barest minimum. The design and build procurement method is also best for the phase because the entire of design and construction has been shifted to the client and this suit Janus as a client thought the implication is the likelihood for an increased cost. The client is satisfied with this option because he will have enough time for his own business activities Also, since Janus does not require direct professional accountability for the design and consultants for the second phase, this system proves to be very suitable because the design and build system leaves the entire accountability between the contractor and his team and Janus only has a single contract with the main contractor Janus requires a high degree of price certainty before the start of the construction and the design and build system offers this. Moreover since the requirements indicated that the project is not so complex in terms of technical advancement, the system will be adequate and certain to deliver a product of good quality and workmanship. Finally, the adoption of the competitive variant of the design and build procurement system will give the client and his team the chance to select the best bid from the contractors as a result of the tenders that will be submitted based on the client brief. 3.3 ORGANIZATIONS TO BE COMMISSIONED The consultants to be commissioned for the first phase are as follows: Management Contractor: Engaged very early in the project to provide expert knowledge to other consultants on the constructability of the designs. Architect: Prepares all the necessary architectural designs in accordance with the clients brief and with the management contractor Quantity Surveyor: Carry out feasibility studies, prepare cost estimates and cost plans in conjunction with the designs. Also carry out interim valuations for payment to works contractors, in conjunction with the management contractor. Engineers: Prepare the structural, mechanical and electrical engineering drawings to be priced by the quantity surveyor and form part of the contract documents for executing the works. For the second phase, the client needs to contract a design and build contractor who will be in charge of both design and construction of the facility 4.0 CONCLUSION The proposals by Janus leisure plc have been thoroughly examined and discussed, going through the range of procurement methods and applying the table by CRT, it has been recommended that for a successful execution of the clients developmental proposals, management contracting should be adopted for the first phase while design and build is adopted for the construction of the hotel in the second phase. However, it must be stated that, the success of the project does not only depend on the procurement method used but also on the efficiency of the consultants and the contractors used. Therefore the client should be methodical in the approach for selecting the professionals for the execution of the work.

The Apology and the Republic Essay -- Philosophy Socrates Plato

Socrates was a renowned philosopher in the ancient Grecian times. His peak was around the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans defeated the Athenians and ended the Golden Age. The reason Socrates is one of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Plato's writings. Two of Plato's famous works include The Apology and The Republic, both written about Socrates' views about the so called "wise philosophers" of his time. The two works hold unique views about government, as well as opening the eyes of the Grecian people to the world as they knew it. In the Apology, Socrates was told by the Delphic Oracle that there was nobody wiser than him. With ancient Greece having been a prominent home of philosophy and art since before Socrates' time, the Athenian court found his proclamation both insulting and hard to believe. Socrates goes through great lengths to find the wisest of men and seeing if their reputations are in fact true. He hoped to find a man wiser than him to prove the oracles prediction was false, even Socrates failed to believe he was the wisest man. He first went to a man that seemed wise. After he spoke with him Plato quotes "I came to see that, though many persons, and chiefly himself, thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise."(77) With his certainty that Socrates was wiser, the man was insulted and hated Socrates for derailing his intelligence. Socrates then goes to another wise man, but is again let down. He still believes he is wiser. Convinced that he would not find a more intelligent man amongst wise m en, he then questioned the more "educated people", such as poets and artisans. According to Plato, Socrates says "I imagine, they find a great abundance of men who think that they know a great... ...litical figure came close to challenging Socrates' unique philosophical plan. In the Republic, Socrates' ideas of how ignorant a democracy is, is portrayed in the Apology when Socrates' proclamation resulted in death. A democracy is supposed to be about individuality and freedom, however it was contradicted when Socrates was put to death because he had ideas for a better system of ruling. He wanted a ruler to be somebody who would see truth, not shunning certain ideas and keeping others solely because it is not understood. These ideas are portrayed in both excerpts. Plato opened the eyes of many up and coming philosophers and shaped governments around the world with his teachings. The Apology and the Republic succeeded in that they spread his teachings, releasing a more truthful way of coping with societies problems rather than shunning ideas as a whole. The Apology and the Republic Essay -- Philosophy Socrates Plato Socrates was a renowned philosopher in the ancient Grecian times. His peak was around the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans defeated the Athenians and ended the Golden Age. The reason Socrates is one of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Plato's writings. Two of Plato's famous works include The Apology and The Republic, both written about Socrates' views about the so called "wise philosophers" of his time. The two works hold unique views about government, as well as opening the eyes of the Grecian people to the world as they knew it. In the Apology, Socrates was told by the Delphic Oracle that there was nobody wiser than him. With ancient Greece having been a prominent home of philosophy and art since before Socrates' time, the Athenian court found his proclamation both insulting and hard to believe. Socrates goes through great lengths to find the wisest of men and seeing if their reputations are in fact true. He hoped to find a man wiser than him to prove the oracles prediction was false, even Socrates failed to believe he was the wisest man. He first went to a man that seemed wise. After he spoke with him Plato quotes "I came to see that, though many persons, and chiefly himself, thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise."(77) With his certainty that Socrates was wiser, the man was insulted and hated Socrates for derailing his intelligence. Socrates then goes to another wise man, but is again let down. He still believes he is wiser. Convinced that he would not find a more intelligent man amongst wise m en, he then questioned the more "educated people", such as poets and artisans. According to Plato, Socrates says "I imagine, they find a great abundance of men who think that they know a great... ...litical figure came close to challenging Socrates' unique philosophical plan. In the Republic, Socrates' ideas of how ignorant a democracy is, is portrayed in the Apology when Socrates' proclamation resulted in death. A democracy is supposed to be about individuality and freedom, however it was contradicted when Socrates was put to death because he had ideas for a better system of ruling. He wanted a ruler to be somebody who would see truth, not shunning certain ideas and keeping others solely because it is not understood. These ideas are portrayed in both excerpts. Plato opened the eyes of many up and coming philosophers and shaped governments around the world with his teachings. The Apology and the Republic succeeded in that they spread his teachings, releasing a more truthful way of coping with societies problems rather than shunning ideas as a whole.

Differences Between Austria and India

My chosen countries are India and Austria. In this paper I will try to find the similar and dissimilar things of these countries. These two countries are very different. Austria is located in Europe, when India’s location is Asia. First of all I would like to present Austria’s and India’s nature. Austria is terrestrial land. This country has no access to the sea but with India everything is in different way. India has access not to the sea, but to the ocean. These two countries have one similar thing – the mountains. In Austria the mountains are called Alps and in India – Himalays. The climate in Austria is continental, the same as in other countries of Europe. In this country there are four seasons in the year. India’s climate is tropical, and it has only three seasons per year. Austria’s landscape is full of hills, woods and rivers. India’s landscape contains of deserts, jungles and flatlands. So here we can see big differences between my chosen countries. Secondly I would like to present the culture of these countries. Austria is famous by compositors, writers and painters which are known in whole world. In this country there are many theaters, cinemas, shopping centers, museums, galleries and other cultural objects. People in Austria are very businesslike. Many of them most time in the week wears formal clothes. Most of the Austria's population is registered as Roman Catholic by religion. India is very religious country. Everything in India is based on religion. Indian people are very hospitable. Even if they don’t have anything to eat, their guests will never be left hungry. The respect for elders is a major fact in Indian culture. The traditional dress of India is called sari. This dress can be worn by all local festivals. India's diversity is visible in its languages, religions, dance, music, architecture and customs. By the culture India and Austria are very dissimilar, because their history and all traditions came from different ancestries. The third comparisons object is food. Austrian cooking is one of the most varied in Europe and includes German, Hungarian, Czech, and northern Italian dishes. A typical breakfast is coffee or milk with bread and butter or jam. Also they usually eat sausage served with mustard on a hard roll. Lunch is usually the main meal of the day and consists of soup and a main course of meat-sausage, chicken, beef, pork or fish. The best known traditional Austrian foods include Wiener Schnitzel and various elaborate cakes. Indian food is different from rest of the world not only in taste but also in cooking methods. Every single spice used in Indian dishes has purpose not for the taste but also in medicine range. All Indian food is dealt to four categories: East Indian, West Indian, South Indian and North Indian. Indians are always using rice, vegetables, garlic, milk and lots of spices in food preparation. It is not common for Indians to keep leftover food, if it is bought or made in one day it is consumed that same day. In Austria many people make food for at least two days, because they are to busy to make it everyday. Austria and India are very different; including climate, culture and food they have nothing in common.

The Little Prince Quote Analysis Essay Example

The Little Prince Quote Analysis Essay Example The Little Prince Quote Analysis Paper The Little Prince Quote Analysis Paper Essay Topic: The Prince Quote 1: â€Å"When you’re finished washing and dressing each morning, you must tend to your planet. † The Little Prince’s planet could be a metaphor for a number of things. My interpretation is that the Little Prince living on his own little planet is equal to a person that lives in their mind, or in â€Å"their own little world†. So really I view the little planet as a smaller simpler view of the world. And when I apply that perspective to this quote, it takes on a whole new meaning. The Little Prince spends a few minutes each day tearing up the baobabs that grow on his planet. As a metaphor, this seems to me to be akin to meditation, or something similar. At least a few minutes each day, I suppose, should be spent in the mind, sorting out one’s thoughts and pulling up the baobabs. If you spend too much time outside your little world in the adult world, there is a good chance that the baobabs will grow too large and outgrow your little world. Quote 2: â€Å"Only children know what they’re looking for†¦ They spend their time on a rag doll and it becomes very important, and if it’s taken away from them, they cry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Children possess a certain view of things that most adults don’t understand. A child’s focus is very narrow. The child only sees the here and the now, and throws all of his focus upon it. When the child is given the rag doll, he focuses on the rag doll, and begins to understand it. The rag doll becomes meaningful to him. That is why the child cries when the rag doll is taken away. For that moment the rag doll was his entire world, and his entire world was taken away in an instant. As the child matures and becomes an adult, he learns new things and his point of view broadens. If an adult is given a rag doll, he won’t understand it as the child does. He has a job and a car and a girlfriend, so a rag doll does not matter to him. It’s silly for him to be given a rag doll. The adult does not focus on just one thing at a time as the child does. He looks at the broader picture and decides that the here and now is not so important. Furthermore, when the child cries after the rag doll is taken away, the adult cannot understand why. He does not understand the child’s point of view because he does not understand the child. And perhaps he doesn’t understand the child because he compares the child to other things. The adults always try to look at the big picture, but maybe the big picture would be easier to look at if they only look at one part at a time. Quote 3: â€Å"When I was a little boy, the Christmas-tree lights, the music of midnight mass, the tenderness of people’s smiles made up†¦ the whole radiance of the Christmas present I received. † A point repeated by the author and portrayed nicely in this quote is that tangible things are valueless. It is the experiences surrounding them that make them important. An example is the narrator and the Little Prince’s journey to the well. Had the well been closer to his crash site, it would not have tasted as sweet because the experience surrounding it would not have existed. In fact, by the well being in such close proximity, the narrator’s entire experience would have held much less meaning. But because he had to work and struggle for the well and the repair of his plane, it made the water, and his survival, all the sweeter. Many adults want money and power, but many will not accept the fact that money and power must be earned, and that the money and power does not seem worth it without having worked to achieve it.

Introduction to German Prepositions

Introduction to German Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Some examples of such words in German are mit (with), durch (through), fà ¼r (for), seit (since). The key points to remember when using a preposition (Prposition) in a German sentence are: Key Takeaways: German Prepositions The noun/pronoun that the preposition modifies will always be in the accusative, dative or genitive case.Prepositions are unchangeable other than prepositional contractions in which prepositions are combined with definite articles to form a single word (for example, auf das becomes aufs and vor dem becomes vorm.)Most prepositions are placed before the noun/pronoun they modify. Learning prepositions may seem like entering a battlefield. True, prepositions are one of the trickier elements of German grammar, but once youve mastered the cases that go with each preposition, your battle is half won. The other half of the battle is knowing which preposition to use. For instance, the English preposition to can be translated into at least six different ways in German. Prepositional Cases There are three prepositional cases: the accusative, the dative, and the genitive. There is also a group of prepositions that can take on either the accusative or dative case, depending on the meaning of the sentence. Commonly used prepositions such as durch, fà ¼r, um always take on the accusative, whereas other common prepositions such as bei, mit, von, zu will always take the dative case. On the other hand, prepositions in the dual-prepositions group (also called two-way prepositions) such as an, auf, in will take on the accusative case if they can answer the question where to an action or object is going, whereas these same prepositions will take on the dative case, if they describe where the action is taking place.

Any artist from 1940-1970 and write about it Essay

Any artist from 1940-1970 and write about it - Essay Example This essay looks into some of the famous works of John Lennon and how they impacted on society in his time. In spite of the fact that he was a rich, influential and famous celebrity, he got out of his cocoon to become a peace activist who used his music to preach about peace and love. Most celebrities during this period failed to use music to spread peace that was much required during this time. John Lennon used his celebrity status to share his ideas on how he felt the world ought to have been (Hayden 7). All that he aspired to do was to spread the peace campaign across the globe and that is all that he dedicated his time to. His passion and talent appealed to numerous peace activists during this time to support his course. One of his notable songs ‘Imagine’ became the anthem for the socialist movement during this time. This song reached the highest number of people and appealed to activists world over. The song topped popular music charts during this period (Smith and Timothy 17). The song was catchy and contained a powerful message of peace. The lyrics stated â€Å"Imagine all the people living life in peace. You may say that Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one. I hope someday youll join us and the world will be as one† (Hayden 43).This song meant that if it all peace could be achieved, it had to start with our imagination. The artist was confident of the fact that he was not alone in his peace campaign and if others joined in, his imagination would eventually become a reality. The song was calling upon all people around the globe to come together and establish a world that if fit for everyone to live in, one that does not focus on religious and racial differences. He envisioned world without war or ownership of private property (Hayden 33). The song emphasized on the fact that we should share the world in the spirit of brotherhood. In fact, some people wondered

End of World War Two and Collapse of Soviet Communism Essay

End of World War Two and Collapse of Soviet Communism - Essay Example It is said or believed that world war two came to an end due to the surrender of the axis powers of which consisted of Germany and other countries that also fell on that bracket. The allies used all the possible means of ensuring that the war came to an end. The allies managed to outthink the Axis power because they were many and received support from other countries that were economically stable and powerful. Though the Axis power was very much power, the allies managed to out through their power due to the large masses or number of people that they could not manage to control. They also found support from other states that managed to support them by giving them the superior Weapons. There are those powerful countries that had been dormant for several years due to certain restrictions such as the doctrine that governed their states. It is therefore through the broken silence of these countries that the allies got privileged because all these countries turned against the Axis powers and gave the necessary support to the allies. The end of communism dint happen abruptly, it is something that happened slowly and gradually .it took some time and slowly but surely more people in East Europe started hating it and its oppressive nature.The very first cases of the rejection of communism begun in east-central Europe and one by one all those countries from that said region came out of the soviet union. More countries looked at the new set up that Gorbachev had put in place and they didn't like it.Gorbachev didn't want to use force anymore lest people criticized him and looked down at what he had achieved.No attempts of bringing back sanity among those countries of central and Eastern Europe happened since they were in charge of their own countries.Gorbachev had no power nor moral authority.

Employee Rights and Responsibilities Research Paper

Employee Rights and Responsibilities - Research Paper Example Based on specific guidelines, granting â€Å"time off† with pay is a statutory right of every employee (Lawpack Publishing Limited, 2010). Aside from statutory rights, some contractual rights of employees were also presented in the Harding case. Contractual rights are rights contained in the contract of employment and which were agreed upon by the employer and the employee. Right to employee privacy. This is the right which the employees of Harding Space think is being violated by management. They felt bad having a surveillance camera monitor them and now even their calls will be monitored. Right to know the reasons for monitoring the staff. Employees have a right to know that there is monitoring, what is being monitored and why it is being done. Harding must explain to its employees why there is a need for it. One reason which they can give why the calls are being monitored is because of the highly confidential nature of their business which involves large aerospace contracts of the government. Right to join or not to join a labor union. In the last part of the case, the company spokesman mentioned about how grateful he is that they do not have a union because a disgruntled employee may decide to join the union, if it exists. In the case presented, the employees of Harding have a right to form a union. If they do so, the management might have a problem with the issue of monitoring employees because of the possibility that the union might fight against it. Question 9 There are several rights of privacy that employees have while on the job. Right to his personal possessions. The employee has the right to his personal belongings including his briefcase or handbag (FindLaw, 2011). Right to personal storage lockers. The personal storage lockers should only be accessible to the employee (FindLaw, 2011). Since Harding has already set up TV cameras in the workplace, they should be guided by law that they are not allowed to put cameras in private areas such as c omfort rooms or locker rooms. Right to personally-addressed mail. An employer cannot open a privately addressed mail to his employee because it is considered an intrusion to the rights of privacy of the employee. The case did not show any violation of this right. Right to telephone conversations and voice mails. This right is sometimes subject to monitoring restrictions as shown in the case of Harding Space. â€Å"The federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) places some limitations on an employer's right to monitor its employees' telephone usage at work. Under the Act, an employer usually may not monitor an employee's personal phone calls, even those made from telephones on work premises† (FindLaw, 2009). In the Harding’s case, management was concerned about the personal calls being made by its employees that is why they issued a memo asking their employees to eliminate personal calls. I don’t think that Harding can impose a â€Å"total ban† o n personal calls because that is a right of the employee. What Harding can do is to make a memo stating a certain limit to personal calls. I suggest that if long distance personal calls